| | | Vampire
In folklore, a vampire is a malign spirit — usually believed to be a restless soul of a heretic, criminal or suicide — that refuses to join the ranks of the dead but instead leaves its burial place — in its original body or taking possession of another's corpse — and becomes a bloodsucking creature in order to continue enjoying the pleasures of the living.
The belief in vampires dates back to antiquity. Ancient Mesopotamians feared that corpses not properly buried would rise from their graves and attack the living to suck their blood.
Western notions of the vampire come primarily from Slavic folklore, especially as it was interpreted by the author Bram Stoker in his novel Dracula (1897). In some isolated regions of eastern Europe, peasants still hang wreaths of garlic over their doors a preventive measure cited in Dracula as protection against evil spirits, but many other aspects of Stoker's story may have been his own invention. Due to the popularity of Stoker's book, the term 'Dracula' is often now used to denote a vampire.
The Dracula of Transylvanian legend appears to have originated from Vlad IV of Wallachia (1430-1476), known as Vlad the Impaler, although he was not a vampire. It is suggested that Stoker's Count Dracula was a composite figure derived from Vlad the Impaler and the Countess Báthori, who was arrested in 1610 for murdering some 650 girls. It was her habit to wash in the blood of her girl victims in order to maintain her skin in a youthful condition.
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Sources: (1) Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable, Harper Collins Publishers; (2) Bunson, Matthew, The Vampire Encyclopedia, Gramercy Publishers; (3) Melton, J. Gordon, The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead, Visible Ink Press.
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